佃农理论（英语原着）

[1].,”EconomicDevelopmentwithUnlimitedSuppliesofLabor.”ManchesterSchoolofEconomicandSocialStudies(May,1954).Forgeneraldiscussionofthesehypotheses,seeBenjaminHiggins,EconomicDevelopment(NewYork:www.youxs.org＆Company,1959),;www.youxs.org,”DisguisedUnemploymentinAgriculture,”inAgricultureinEconomicDevelopment,www.youxs.org.(NewYork:McGraw-HillBookCo.,1964);www.youxs.org(London:Hutchinson＆Co.,1964);,”PeasantsandDualismwithorwithoutSurplusLabor,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy(October,1966).

[2].Tsung-hanShen,AgriculturalDevelopmentonTaiwansinceWorldWarII(NewYork:,1964),www.youxs.org.

[3].See,forexample,www.youxs.org(Emmaus:OrganicGardeningPress,1900).Asanobserverin1900,King,,tookpainstounderstandfarmingtechniquesinAsia,thoughhemai,however,,forexample,Shen,AgriculturalDevelopmentonTaiwan;idem,AgriculturalResourcesofChina(NewYork:CornellUniversityPress,1951);andNien-tsingLu,AnAnalysisofFarmFamilyEconomyofOwner-OperatorsundertheLand-to-the-TillerPrograminTaiwan(Taipei:TheResearchDepartmentoftheBankofTaiwan,1965).Seealsochapter8ofthisstudy.

[4].www.youxs.org(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1937),www.youxs.org.

[5].EstimatesoflaborintensityrequiredfordifferentcropsareavailableinLu,AnalysisofFarmFamilyEconomy,www.youxs.org,”TheEffectsofPopulationPressureandSeasonalLaborSurplusonthePatternandIntensityofAgricultureinTaiwan,”mimeographed(1964).ThemarketvaluesforvegetablesandothercropsareavailableinShen,AgriculturalResourcesofChina,;andDepartmentofAgricultureandForestry,TaiwanAgriculturalYearbook.

www.youxs.org,(China,1932),[2]inwhichfixedandsharerentsareexpressedinpercentagesoftheoutputyields,wefindafewexceptionsalso(fixedrentsbeinghigherthansharerents),butthedifferencesaregenerallysmall.

Theabovediscussionshouldnot,however,beinterpretedtomeanthatunderprivateownershipofresourcesthemarginal,anddifferentialsinnonpecuniarygainsandinthecostsoflivingassociatedwithdifferentjobs,,ofcourse,nthegrounds,rather,oftheirneglectoftheflexibilityoflanduseandofthepertinentpropertyrightconstraints.

[6].Seechapter8,table3;andShen,AgriculturalResourcesofChina,,AnalysisofFarmFamilyEconomy,www.youxs.org.

[7].See,forexample,www.youxs.org,”TheEconomicTheoryofaCommon-PropertyResource:TheFishery,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy(August,1954).SeealsoAnthonyBottomley,”TheEffectofCommonOwnershipofLanduponResourceAllocationinTripolitania,”LandEconomics(February,1963).

www.youxs.org(China,1932),,(twenty-threeprovincesandsixgradesofland,China,1930),onlytwoexceptionsarefoundinatotalof124observations.[1]

RentalPaymentsofFixedandShareContractsinChina

InthisappendixIseektoshowtwothings:thatrentalpercentagesvarywithlandgrades;andthatsharerentsaregenerallyslightlyhigherthanfixed(crop),obtainedfromChinesesourcespublishedinthe1930s,iled,tionsindifferentsourcesconsistentlyexhibitthesamepatterns.

Thelac,therentalpercentagedependsnotonlyonthefertilityofland,butalsoonthe,somelandsmightgrowmore”minor”cropsthan.

others,andtheirsharingdoesnotseemtohavebeenappropriatelyincluded.

APPENDIXB